CAT 2022 · Slot 1 — Verbal Ability & Reading Comprehension

Question 1

“Through meditation and the right attitude, one allows emotions to happen to oneself (it is impossible to prevent this), but one
is advised to observe the emotions without necessarily acting on them; one achieves some distance and decides what has value
and what does not have value.” In the context of the passage, which one of the following is not a possible implication of the
quoted statement?

1. “Meditation and the right attitude”, in this instance, implies an initially passive reception of all experiences.
2. Meditation allows certain out-of-body experiences that permit us to gain the distance necessary to control our emotions.
3. The observation of emotions in a distant manner corresponds to the second movement referred to earlier in the passage.
4. Emotional responses can make it difficult to distinguish valuable experiences from valueless experiences.

Correct answer: B · Meditation allows certain out-of-body experiences that permit us to gain the distance necessary to control our emotions.

Question 2

Which one of the following statements would be an accurate inference from the example of Marcus Aurelius?

1. Marcus Aurelius was humiliated by the accusation of treason in front of the other officers.
2. Marcus Aurelius was a Stoic whose philosophy survived into the Roman era.
3. Marcus Aurelius plotted revenge in his quest for justice.
4. Marcus Aurelius was one of the leaders of the Roman army.

Correct answer: D · Marcus Aurelius was one of the leaders of the Roman army.

Question 3

Which one of the following statements, if false, could be seen as contradicting the facts/arguments in the passage?

1. Despite practising meditation and cultivating the right attitude, emotions cannot ever be controlled.
2. The Greek philosopher Zeno survived into the Roman era until about AD 300.
3. In the Epicurean view, indulging in simple pleasures is not desirable.
4. In the Stoic view, choosing a reasoned, unemotional response as the first movement is an appropriate response to
   emotional situations.

Correct answer: C · In the Epicurean view, indulging in simple pleasures is not desirable.

Question 4

Stoicism was founded in 300 BC by the Greek philosopher Zeno and survived into the Roman era until about AD 300. According
to the Stoics, emotions consist of two movements. The first movement is the immediate feeling and other reactions (e.g.,
physiological response) that occur when a stimulus or event occurs. For instance, consider what could have happened if an
army general accused Marcus Aurelius of treason in front of other officers. The first movement for Marcus may have been
(internal) surprise and anger in response to this insult, accompanied perhaps by some involuntary physiological and expressive
responses such as face flushing and a movement of the eyebrows. The second movement is what one does next about the
emotion. Second movement behaviors occur after thinking and are under one’s control. Examples of second movements for
Marcus might have included a plot to seek revenge, actions signifying deference and appeasement, or perhaps proceeding as
he would have proceeded whether or not this event occurred: continuing to lead the Romans in a way that Marcus Aurelius
believed best benefited them. In the Stoic view, choosing a reasoned, unemotional response as the second movement is the
only appropriate response.
The Stoics believed that to live the good life and be a good person, we need to free ourselves of nearly all desires such as too
much desire for money, power, or sexual gratification. Prior to second movements, we can consider what is important in life.
Money, power, and excessive sexual gratification are not important. Character, rationality, and kindness are important. The
Epicureans, first associated with the Greek philosopher Epicurus . . . held a similar view, believing that people should enjoy
simple pleasures, such as good conversation, friendship, food, and wine, but not be indulgent in these pursuits and not follow
passion for those things that hold no real value like power and money. As Oatley (2004) states, “the Epicureans articulated a
view—enjoyment of relationship with friends, of things that are real rather than illusory, simple rather than artificially inflated,
possible rather than vanishingly unlikely—that is certainly relevant today” . . . In sum, these ancient Greek and Roman
philosophers saw emotions, especially strong ones, as potentially dangerous. They viewed emotions as experiences that needed
to be [reined] in and controlled.
As Oatley (2004) points out, the Stoic idea bears some similarity to Buddhism. Buddha, living in India in the 6th century BC,
argued for cultivating a certain attitude that decreases the probability of (in Stoic terms) destructive second movements.
Through meditation and the right attitude, one allows emotions to happen to oneself (it is impossible to prevent this), but one
is advised to observe the emotions without necessarily acting on them; one achieves some distance and decides what has value
and what does not have value. Additionally, the Stoic idea of developing virtue in oneself, of becoming a good person, which
the Stoics believed we could do because we have a touch of the divine, laid the foundation for the three monotheistic religions:
Judaism, Christianity, and Islam . . . As with Stoicism, tenets of these religions include controlling our emotions lest we engage
in sinful behavior.
On the basis of the passage, which one of the following statements can be regarded as true?

1. The Stoics valorised the pursuit of money, power, and sexual gratification.
2. The Stoic influences can be seen in multiple religions.
3. The Epicureans believed in controlling all emotions.
4. There were no Stoics in India at the time of the Roman civilisation.

Correct answer: B · The Stoic influences can be seen in multiple religions.

Question 5

Based on the passage, which one of the following copies would a Chinese museum be unlikely to consider as having less value
than the original?

1. Pablo Picasso’s painting of Vincent van Gogh’s original painting, bearing Picasso’s signature.
2. Pablo Picasso’s painting of Vincent van Gogh’s original painting, identical in every respect.
3. Pablo Picasso’s photograph of Vincent van Gogh’s original painting, printed to exactly the same scale.
4. Pablo Picasso’s miniaturised, but otherwise faithful and accurate painting of Vincent van Gogh’s original painting.

Correct answer: B · Pablo Picasso’s painting of Vincent van Gogh’s original painting, identical in every respect.

Question 6

The Chinese have two different concepts of a copy. Fangzhipin . . . are imitations where the difference from the original is
obvious. These are small models or copies that can be purchased in a museum shop, for example. The second concept for a
copy is fuzhipin . . . They are exact reproductions of the original, which, for the Chinese, are of equal value to the original. It has
absolutely no negative connotations. The discrepancy with regard to the understanding of what a copy is has often led to
misunderstandings and arguments between China and Western museums. The Chinese often send copies abroad instead of
originals, in the firm belief that they are not essentially different from the originals. The rejection that then comes from the
Western museums is perceived by the Chinese as an insult. . . .
The Far Eastern notion of identity is also very confusing to the Western observer. The Ise Grand Shrine [in Japan] is 1,300 years
old for the millions of Japanese people who go there on pilgrimage every year. But in reality this temple complex is completely
rebuilt from scratch every 20 years. . . .
The cathedral of Freiburg Minster in southwest Germany is covered in scaffolding almost all year round. The sandstone from
which it is built is a very soft, porous material that does not withstand natural erosion by rain and wind. After a while, it
crumbles. As a result, the cathedral is continually being examined for damage, and eroded stones are replaced. And in the
cathedral’s dedicated workshop, copies of the damaged sandstone figures are constantly being produced. Of course, attempts
are made to preserve the stones from the Middle Ages for as long as possible. But at some point they, too, are removed and
replaced with new stones.
Fundamentally, this is the same operation as with the Japanese shrine, except in this case the production of a replica takes
place very slowly and over long periods of time. In the field of art as well, the idea of an unassailable original developed
historically in the Western world. Back in the 17th century [in the West], excavated artworks from antiquity were treated quite
differently from today. They were not restored in a way that was faithful to the original. Instead, there was massive intervention
in these works, changing their appearance. . . .
It is probably this intellectual position that explains why Asians have far fewer scruples about cloning than Europeans. The
South Korean cloning researcher Hwang Woo-suk, who attracted worldwide attention with his cloning experiments in 2004, is a
Buddhist. He found a great deal of support and followers among Buddhists, while Christians called for a ban on human cloning.
Hwang legitimised his cloning experiments with his religious affiliation: ‘I am Buddhist, and I have no philosophical problem
with cloning. And as you know, the basis of Buddhism is that life is recycled through reincarnation. In some ways, I think,
therapeutic cloning restarts the circle of life.’
Which one of the following scenarios is unlikely to follow from the arguments in the passage?

1. A 17th century British painter would have no problem adding personal touches when restoring an ancient Roman
   painting.
2. A 20th century Japanese Buddhist monk would value a reconstructed shrine as the original.
3. A 17th century French artist who adhered to a Christian worldview would need to be completely true to the original intent
   of a painting when restoring it.
4. A 21st century Christian scientist is likely to oppose cloning because of his philosophical orientation.

Correct answer: C · A 17th century French artist who adhered to a Christian worldview would need to be completely true to the original intent
of a painting when restoring it.

Question 7

Which one of the following statements does not correctly express the similarity between the Ise Grand Shrine and the cathedral
of Freiburg Minster?

1. Both were built as places of worship.
2. Both can be regarded as very old structures.
3. Both are continually undergoing restoration.
4. Both will one day be completely rebuilt.

Correct answer: C · Both are continually undergoing restoration.

Question 8

The value that the modern West assigns to “an unassailable original” has resulted in all of the following EXCEPT:

1. it discourages them from simultaneous displays of multiple copies of a painting.
2. it allows regular employment for certain craftsmen.
3. it discourages them from making interventions in ancient art.
4. it discourages them from carrying out human cloning

Correct answer: D · it discourages them from carrying out human cloning

Question 9

Stories concerning the Undead have always been with us. From out of the primal darkness of Mankind’s earliest years, come
whispers of eerie creatures, not quite alive (or alive in a way which we can understand), yet not quite dead either. These may
have been ancient and primitive deities who dwelt deep in the surrounding forests and in remote places, or simply those
deceased who refused to remain in their tombs and who wandered about the countryside, physically tormenting and
frightening those who were still alive. Mostly they were ill-defined—strange sounds in the night beyond the comforting glow of
the fire, or a shape, half-glimpsed in the twilight along the edge of an encampment. They were vague and indistinct, but they
were always there with the power to terrify and disturb. They had the power to touch the minds of our early ancestors and to
fill them with dread. Such fear formed the basis of the earliest tales although the source and exact nature of such terrors still
remained very vague.
And as Mankind became more sophisticated, leaving the gloom of their caves and forming themselves into recognizable
communities—towns, cities, whole cultures—so the Undead travelled with them, inhabiting their folklore just as they had in
former times. Now they began to take on more definite shapes. They became walking cadavers; the physical embodiment of
former deities and things which had existed alongside Man since the Creation. Some still remained vague and ill-defined but, as
Mankind strove to explain the horror which it felt towards them, such creatures emerged more readily into the light.
In order to confirm their abnormal status, many of the Undead were often accorded attributes, which defied the natural order
of things—the power to transform themselves into other shapes, the ability to sustain themselves by drinking human blood,
and the ability to influence human minds across a distance. Such powers—described as supernatural—only [lent] an added
dimension to the terror that humans felt regarding them.
And it was only natural, too, that the Undead should become connected with the practice of magic. From very early times,
Shamans and witchdoctors had claimed at least some power and control over the spirits of departed ancestors, and this has
continued down into more “civilized” times. Formerly, the invisible spirits and forces that thronged around men’s earliest
encampments, had spoken “through” the tribal Shamans but now, as entities in their own right, they were subject to magical
control and could be physically summoned by a competent sorcerer. However, the relationship between the magician and an
Undead creature was often a very tenuous and uncertain one. Some sorcerers might have even become Undead entities once
they died, but they might also have been susceptible to the powers of other magicians when they did.
From the Middle Ages and into the Age of Enlightenment, theories of the Undead continued to grow and develop. Their names
became more familiar—werewolf, vampire, ghoul—each one certain to strike fear into the hearts of ordinary humans.
“In order to confirm their abnormal status, many of the Undead were often accorded attributes, which defied the natural order
of things . . .” Which one of the following best expresses the claim made in this statement?

1. Human beings conceptualise the Undead as possessing abnormal features.
2. The Undead are deified in nature’s order by giving them divine attributes.
3. The natural attributes of the Undead are rendered abnormal by changing their status.
4. According the Undead an abnormal status is to reject the natural order of things.

Correct answer: A · Human beings conceptualise the Undead as possessing abnormal features.

Question 10

Which one of the following observations is a valid conclusion to draw from the statement, “From out of the primal darkness of
Mankind’s earliest years, come whispers of eerie creatures, not quite alive (or alive in a way which we can understand), yet not
quite dead either.”?

1. Mankind’s early years were marked by a belief in the existence of eerie creatures that were neither quite alive nor dead.
2. Long ago, eerie creatures used to whisper in the primal darkness that they were not quite dead.
3. Mankind’s primal years were marked by creatures alive with eerie whispers, but seen only in the darkness.
4. We can understand the lives of the eerie creatures in Mankind’s early years through their whispers in the darkness.

Correct answer: A · Mankind’s early years were marked by a belief in the existence of eerie creatures that were neither quite alive nor dead.

Question 11

Which one of the following statements best describes what the passage is about?

1. The writer discusses the transition from primitive thinking to the Age of Enlightenment.
2. The passage discusses the evolution of theories of the Undead from primitive thinking to the Age of Enlightenment.
3. The passage describes the failure of human beings to fully comprehend their environment.
4. The writer describes the ways in which the Undead come to be associated with Shamans and the practice of magic.

Correct answer: B · The passage discusses the evolution of theories of the Undead from primitive thinking to the Age of Enlightenment.

Question 12

All of the following statements, if false, could be seen as being in accordance with the passage, EXCEPT:

1. the Undead remained vague and ill-defined, even as Mankind strove to understand the horror they inspired.
2. the transition from the Middle Ages to the Age of Enlightenment saw new theories of the Undead.
3. the growing sophistication of Mankind meant that humans stopped believing in the Undead.
4. the relationship between Shamans and the Undead was believed to be a strong and stable one.

Correct answer: B · the transition from the Middle Ages to the Age of Enlightenment saw new theories of the Undead.

Question 13

Critical theory of technology is a political theory of modernity with a normative dimension. It belongs to a tradition extending
from Marx to Foucault and Habermas according to which advances in the formal claims of human rights take center stage while
in the background centralization of ever more powerful public institutions and private organizations imposes an authoritarian
social order.
Marx attributed this trajectory to the capitalist rationalization of production. Today it marks many institutions besides the
factory and every modern political system, including so-called socialist systems. This trajectory arose from the problems of
command over a disempowered and deskilled labor force; but everywhere [that] masses are organized – whether it be
Foucault’s prisons or Habermas’s public sphere – the same pattern prevails. Technological design and development is shaped
by this pattern as the material base of a distinctive social order. Marcuse would later point to a “project” as the basis of what he
called rather confusingly “technological rationality.” Releasing technology from this project is a democratic political task.
In accordance with this general line of thought, critical theory of technology regards technologies as an environment rather
than as a collection of tools. We live today with and even within technologies that determine our way of life. Along with the
constant pressures to build centers of power, many other social values and meanings are inscribed in technological design. A
hermeneutics of technology must make explicit the meanings implicit in the devices we use and the rituals they script. Social
histories of technologies such as the bicycle, artificial lighting or firearms have made important contributions to this type of
analysis. Critical theory of technology attempts to build a methodological approach on the lessons of these histories.
As an environment, technologies shape their inhabitants. In this respect, they are comparable to laws and customs. Each of
these institutions can be said to represent those who live under their sway through privileging certain dimensions of their
human nature. Laws of property represent the interest in ownership and control. Customs such as parental authority represent
the interest of childhood in safety and growth. Similarly, the automobile represents its users in so far as they are interested in
mobility. Interests such as these constitute the version of human nature sanctioned by society.
This notion of representation does not imply an eternal human nature. The concept of nature as non-identity in the Frankfurt
School suggests an alternative. On these terms, nature is what lies at the limit of history, at the point at which society loses the
capacity to imprint its meanings on things and control them effectively. The reference here is, of course, not to the nature of
natural science, but to the lived nature in which we find ourselves and which we are. This nature reveals itself as that which
cannot be totally encompassed by the machinery of society. For the Frankfurt School, human nature, in all its transcending
force, emerges out of a historical context as that context is [depicted] in illicit joys, struggles and pathologies. We can perhaps
admit a less romantic . . . conception in which those dimensions of human nature recognized by society are also granted
theoretical legitimacy.
Which one of the following statements best reflects the main argument of the fourth paragraph of the passage?

1. Technology, laws, and customs are comparable, but dissimilar phenomena.
2. Technological environments privilege certain dimensions of human nature as effectively as laws and customs.
3. Automobiles represent the interest in mobility present in human nature.
4. Technology, laws, and customs are not unlike each other if considered as institutions.

Correct answer: D · Technology, laws, and customs are not unlike each other if considered as institutions.

Question 14

Which one of the following statements could be inferred as supporting the arguments of the passage?

1. It is not human nature, but human culture that is represented by institutions such as law and custom
2. Technologies form the environmental context and shape the contours of human society.
3. Nature decides the point at which society loses its capacity to control history.
4. The romantic conception of nature referred to by the passage is the one that requires theoretical legitimacy.

Correct answer: B · Technologies form the environmental context and shape the contours of human society.

Question 15

Which one of the following statements contradicts the arguments of the passage?

1. The problems of command over a disempowered and deskilled labour force gave rise to similar patterns of the capitalist
   rationalisation of production wherever masses were organised.
2. Marx’s understanding of the capitalist rationalisation of production and Marcuse’s understanding of a “project” of
   “technological rationality” share theoretical inclinations.
3. Masses are organised in patterns set by Foucault’s prisons and Habermas’ public sphere.
4. Paradoxically, the capitalist rationalisation of production is a mark of so-called socialist systems as well.

Correct answer: C · Masses are organised in patterns set by Foucault’s prisons and Habermas’ public sphere.

Question 16

All of the following claims can be inferred from the passage, EXCEPT:

1. the significance of parental authority to children’s safety does not therefore imply that parental authority is a permanent
   aspect of human nature.
2. the critical theory of technology argues that, as issues of human rights become more prominent, we lose sight of the ways
   in which the social order becomes more authoritarian.
3. analyses of technologies must engage with their social histories to be able to reveal their implicit and explicit meanings
   for us.
4. technologies seek to privilege certain dimensions of human nature at a high cost to lived nature

Correct answer: D · technologies seek to privilege certain dimensions of human nature at a high cost to lived nature

Question 17

Sentence: Having made citizens more and less knowledgeable than their predecessors, the Internet has proved to be both a
blessing and a curse.
Paragraph: Never before has a population, nearly all of whom has enjoyed at a least a secondary school education, been
exposed to so much information, whether in newspapers and magazines or through YouTube, Google, and Facebook.
_____(1)_____. Yet it is not clear that people today are more knowledgeable than their barely literate predecessors. Contemporary
advances in technology offered more serious and inquisitive students access to realms of knowledge previously unimaginable
and unavailable. _____(2)_____. But such readily available knowledge leads many more students away from serious study, the
reading of actual texts, and toward an inability to write effectively and grammatically. _____(3)_____. It has let people choose
sources that reinforce their opinions rather than encouraging them to question inherited beliefs. _____(4)_____.

1. Option 1
2. Option 2
3. Option 3
4. Option 4

Correct answer: D · Option 4

Question 18

Petitioning is an expeditious democratic tradition, used frequently in prior centuries, by which citizens can bring issues directly
to governments. As expressions of collective voice, they support procedural democracy by shaping agendas. They can also
recruit citizens to causes, give voice to the voteless, and apply the discipline of rhetorical argument that clarifies a point of view.
By contrast, elections are limited in several respects: they involve only a few candidates, and thus fall far short of a
representative democracy. Further, voters’ choices are not specific to particular policies or laws, and elections are episodic,
whereas the voice of the people needs to be heard and integrated constantly into democratic government.

1. By giving citizens greater control over shaping political and democratic agendas, political petitions are invaluable as they
   represent an ideal form of a representative democracy.
2. Citizens become less inclined to petitioning as it enables vocal citizens to shape political agendas, but this needs to
   change to strengthen democracies today.
3. Petitioning has been important to democratic functioning, as it supplements the electoral process by enabling ongoing
   engagement with the government.
4. Petitioning is definitely more representative of the collective voice, and the functioning of democratic government could
   improve if we relied more on petitioning rather than holding periodic elections.

Correct answer: C · Petitioning has been important to democratic functioning, as it supplements the electoral process by enabling ongoing
engagement with the government.

Question 19

Sentence: Easing the anxiety and pressure of having a “big day” is part of the appeal for many couples who marry in secret.
Paragraph: Wedding season is upon us and – after two years of Covid chaos that saw nuptials scaled back– you may think the
temptation would be to go all out. _____(1)_____. But instead of expanding the guest list, many couples are opting to have
entirely secret ceremonies. With Covid case numbers remaining high and the cost-of-living crisis meaning that many couples
are feeling the pinch, it’s no wonder that some are less than eager to send out invites. _____(2)_____. Plus, it can’t hurt that in
celebrity circles getting married in secret is all the rage. _____(3)_____. “I would definitely say that secret weddings are becoming
more common,” says Landis Bejar, the founder of a therapy practice, which specialises in helping brides and grooms manage
wedding stress. “People are looking for ways to get out of the spotlight and avoid the pomp and circumstance of weddings.
_____(4)_____. They just want to get to the part where they are married.”

1. Option 1
2. Option 2
3. Option 3
4. Option 4

Correct answer: B · Option 2

Question 20

It’s not that modern historians of medieval Africa have been ignorant about contacts between Ethiopia and Europe; they just
had the power dynamic reversed. The traditional narrative stressed Ethiopia as weak and in trouble in the face of aggression
from external forces, so Ethiopia sought military assistance from their fellow Christians to the north. But the real story, buried in
plain sight in medieval diplomatic texts, simply had not yet been put together by modern scholars. Recent research pushes
scholars of medieval Europe to imagine a much more richly connected medieval world: at the beginning of the so-called Age of
Exploration, there is evidence that the kings of Ethiopia were sponsoring their own missions of diplomacy, faith and commerce.

1. Medieval texts have documented how strong connections between the Christian communities of Ethiopia and Europe
   were invaluable in establishing military and trade links between the two civilisations.
2. Historians were under the illusion that Ethiopia needed military protection from their neighbours, but in fact the country
   had close commercial and religious connections with them.
3. Medieval texts have been ‘cherry-picked’ to promote a view of Ethiopia as weak and in need of Europe’s military help with
   aggressive neighbours, but recent studies reveal it was a well-connected and outward-looking culture.
4. Medieval historical sources selectively promoted the narrative that powerful European forces were called on to protect
   weak African civilisations such as Ethiopia, but this is far from reality.

Correct answer: C · Medieval texts have been ‘cherry-picked’ to promote a view of Ethiopia as weak and in need of Europe’s military help with
aggressive neighbours, but recent studies reveal it was a well-connected and outward-looking culture.

Question 21

1. Some company leaders are basing their decisions on locating offices to foster innovation and growth, as their best-
performing inventors suffered the greatest productivity losses when their commutes grew longer.
2. Shorter commutes support innovation by giving employees more time in the office and greater opportunities for in-
person collaboration, while removing the physical strain of a long commute.
3. This is not always the case: remote work does not automatically lead to greater creativity and productivity as office water-
cooler conversations are also very important for innovation.
4. Some see the link between long commutes and productivity as support for work- from-home scenarios, as many workers
have grown accustomed to their commute- free arrangements during the pandemic.

Correct answer: 2143

Question 22

1. The creative element in product design has become of paramount importance as it is one of the few ways a firm or
industry can sustain a competitive advantage over its rivals.
2. In fact, the creative element in the value of world industry would be larger still, if we added the contribution of the
creative element in other industries, such as the design of tech accessories.
3. The creative industry is receiving a lot of attention today as its growth rate is faster than that of the world economy as a
whole.
4. It is for this reason that today’s trade issues are increasingly involving intellectual property, as Western countries have an
interest in protecting their revenues along with freeing trade in non-tangibles.

Correct answer: 3214

Question 23

All that we think we know about how life hangs together is really some kind of illusion that we have perpetrated on ourselves
because of our limited vision. What appear to be inanimate objects such as stones turn out not only to be alive in the same way
that we are, but also in many infinitesimal ways to be affected by stimuli just as humans are. The distinction between animate
and inanimate simply cannot be made when you enter the world of quantum mechanics and try to determine how those
apparent subatomic particles, of which you and everything else in our universe is composed, are all tied together. The point is
that physics and metaphysics show there is a pattern to the universe that goes beyond our capacity to grasp it with our brains.

1. The effect of stimuli is similar in inanimate objects when compared to animate objects or living beings.
2. Quantum physics indicates that an astigmatic view of reality results in erroneous assumptions about the universe.
3. The inanimate world is both sentient and cognizant like its animate counterpart.
4. Arbitrary distinctions between inanimate and animate objects disappear at the scale at which quantum mechanics works.

Correct answer: D · Arbitrary distinctions between inanimate and animate objects disappear at the scale at which quantum mechanics works.

Question 24

1. Fish skin collagen has excellent thermo-stability and tensile strength making it ideal for use as bandage that adheres to
the skin and adjusts to body movements.
2. Collagen, one of the main structural proteins in connective tissues in the human body, is well known for promoting skin
regeneration.
3. Fish skin swims in here as diseases and bacteria that affect fish are different from most human pathogens.
4. The risk of introducing disease agents into other species through the use of pig and cow collagen proteins for wound
healing has inhibited its broader applications in the medical field.

Correct answer: 2431